06 Preliminaries Endnotes Tuhinga āpiti
1. Michael G. Baker, Amanda Kvalsvig, Michael Plank, Jemma L. Geoghegan, Teresa Wall, Colin Tukuitonga, Jennifer Summers, Julie Bennett, John Kerr, Nikki Turner, Sally Roberts, Kelvin Ward, Bryan Betty, Q. Sue Huang, Nigel French, and Nick Wilson, ‘Continued mitigation needed to minimise the high health burden from COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand’, New Zealand Medical Journal 136, no. 1583 (6 October 2023), 67-91, pp 77-79, https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.6247, https://nzmj.org.nz/journal/vol-136-no-1583/continued-mitigation-needed-to-minimise-the-high-health-burden-from-covid-19-in-aotearoa-new-zealand
Thomas Hale, Noam Angrist, Rafael Goldszmidt, Beatriz Kira, Anna Petherick, Toby Phillips, Samuel Webster, Emily Cameron-Blake, Laura Hallas, Saptarshi Majumdar, and Helen Tatlow, ‘A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)’, Nature Human Behaviour 5, no. 4 (2021), 529-538, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01079-8
Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guira, Cameron Appel, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Max Roser, COVID-19: Stringency Index, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-stringency-index
Samik Datta, Giorgia Vattiato, Oliver J. Maclaren, Ning Hua, Andrew Sporle, and Michael J. Plank, ‘The impact of Covid-19 vaccination in Aotearoa New Zealand: A modelling study’, Vaccine 42, no. 6 (2024), 1383-1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.101, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38307744/
OECD, COVID-19 and Well-being: Life in the Pandemic (Highlights), OECD Publishing (Paris, 25 November 2021), https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/support-materials/2021/11/covid-19-and-well-being_298c2553/COVID-19-and-Well-being-Highlights.pdf
2. As at 30 October 2024. Health New Zealand Te Whatu Ora, ‘COVID-19: Case demographics’, updated 29 October 2024, https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/data-and-statistics/covid-19-data/covid-19-case-demographics/
3. Jennifer Summers, Amanda Kvalsvig, Lucy Telfar Barnard, Julie Bennett, Matire Harwood, Nick Wilson, and Michael G. Baker, ‘Improvements and Persisting Challenges in COVID-19 Response Compared with 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic Response, New Zealand (Aotearoa)’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 29, no. 9 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2909.221265, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/9/22-1265_article
4. Cabinet Paper and Minute, Establishing an inquiry into New Zealand’s preparedness for a future pandemic, CAB-22-MIN-0464, 25 October 2022, https://www.covid19lessons.royalcommission.nz/assets/Uploads/Royal-Commission-of-Inquiry-Lessons-Learned-Aotearoa-New-Zealands-response-to-COVID-19-That-Should-Be-Applied-in-Preparation-for-a-Future-Pandemic.pdf
5. Royal Commission of Inquiry (COVID-19 Lessons) Order 2022, version 8 December 2022, https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2022/0323/6.0/LMS792965.html
6. The 37 reports identified as most relevant to the Royal Commission’s work were set out on 25 October 2022 in the Cabinet Paper and Minute, Establishing an inquiry into New Zealand’s preparedness for a future pandemic, CAB-22-MIN-0464, 25 October 2022, https://www.covid19lessons.royalcommission.nz/assets/Uploads/Royal-Commission-of-Inquiry-Lessons-Learned-Aotearoa-New-Zealands-response-to-COVID-19-That-Should-Be-Applied-in-Preparation-for-a-Future-Pandemic.pdf
7. UK Covid-19 Inquiry, ‘What is the UK Covid-19 Inquiry?’, https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/The Rt Hon the Baroness Hallett DBE, Module 1 Report – The resilience and preparedness of the United Kingdom, UK Covid-19 Inquiry (UK, 18 July 2024), https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/18095012/UK-Covid-19-Inquiry-Module-1-Full-Report.pdf
8. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Commonwealth of Australia, ‘Commonwealth Government COVID-19 Response Inquiry’, https://www.pmc.gov.au/domestic-policy/commonwealth-government-covid-19-response-inquiry#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20the%20inquiry,to%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic
9. Peter Shergold, Jillian Broadbent, Isobel Marshall, and Peter Varghese, Fault Lines: an independent review into Australia’s response to COVID-19 (20 October 2022), https://www.paulramsayfoundation.org.au/news-resources/fault-lines-an-independent-review-into-australias-response-to-covid-19
10. Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Government Crisis Management Framework, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (18 September 2024), https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/agcmf-framework-2.pdf
11. Dutch Safety Board, Summary – Approach to COVID-19 Crisis Part 1: through to September 2020 (The Hague, 16 February 2022), https://onderzoeksraad.nl/en/onderzoek/approach-to-covid-19-crisis/Dutch Safety Board, Summary – Approach to COVID-19 Crisis Part 2: September 2020 through to July 2021 (The Hague, 12 October 2022), https://onderzoeksraad.nl/en/onderzoek/approach-to-covid-19-crisis-part-2-september-2020-july-2021/Dutch Safety Board, Summary – Approach to COVID-19 Crisis Part 3: January 2020 through to September 2022 (The Hague, 25 October 2023), https://www.onderzoeksraad.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/approach_to_covid_19_crisis_part_3_summary.pdf
12. OECD, ‘OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)’, https://doi.org/10.1787/5b0fd8cd-en
13. International Monetary Fund, ‘Fiscal Monitor Database of Country Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic’, updated October 2021, https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Fiscal-Policies-Database-in-Response-to-COVID-19
14. The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, https://theindependentpanel.org/
15. Royal Commission COVID-19 Lessons Learned, Minute 1: Interim non-publication – evidence and submissions received by the Royal Commission of Inquiry into COVID-19 Lessons, 2 June 2023, https://www.covid19lessons.royalcommission.nz/assets/Uploads/Minute-1-Interim-non-publication-evidence-and-submissions-received.pdf
16. Royal Commission COVID-19 Lessons Learned, Minute 2: Inquiry meeting procedure and information gathering, 17 July 2023, https://www.covid19lessons.royalcommission.nz/assets/Uploads/minute-2-27-September.pdf
17. Royal Commission COVID-19 Lessons Learned, Minute 3: Inquiry procedures for public and other submissions, 6 December 2023, https://www.covid19lessons.royalcommission.nz/assets/Uploads/Minute-3-Inquiry-procedures-for-public-and-other-submissions.pdf
18. As at 2019, according to the World Bank. It estimated worldwide population density at 60 people per square kilometre. See World Bank Group, ‘Population density (people per sq. km of land area)’, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?end=2019&most_recent_value_desc=false&start=1961&view=chart
19. Stats NZ, National population estimates: At 31 March 2020 – Infoshare tables (18 May 2020), https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/national-population-estimates-at-31-march-2020-infoshare-tables#:~:text=At%2031%20March%202020%3A%201%20New%20Zealand%E2%80%99s%20estimated,and%20females%20was%2036.2%20and%2038.5%20years%2C%20respectively
20. Stats NZ, ‘Population projected to become more ethnically diverse’, updated 28 May 2021, https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/population-projected-to-become-more-ethnically-diverse
21. Stats NZ, National and subnational period life tables: 2017–2019 (20 April 2021), https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/national-and-subnational-period-life-tables-2017-2019/
22. For a detailed discussion of the texts’ wording, see Waitangi Tribunal, He Whakaputanga me te Tiriti The Declaration and the Treaty: the report on stage 1 of the Te Paparahi o Te Raki Inquiry (2014), pp 412-418, https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_85648980/Te%20Raki%20W.pdf
23. OECD, OECD Economic Surveys: New Zealand 2019, OECD Publishing (Paris, 2019), https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/b0b94dbd-en
24. Ministry of Health, Briefing to the Incoming Minister of Health, 2017: The New Zealand Health and Disability System (Wellington, 7 December 2017), p 4, https://www.health.govt.nz/publications/briefing-to-the-incoming-minister-of-health-2017-the-new-zealand-health-and-disability-system-0
25. Health and Disability System Review, Health and Disability System Review – Interim Report. Hauora Manaaki ki Aotearoa Whānui – Pūrongo mō Tēnei Wā (Wellington, 3 September 2019), https://www.health.govt.nz/publications/health-and-disability-system-review-interim-report
26. Ministry of Health, Briefing to the Incoming Minister of Health, 2017: The New Zealand Health and Disability System (Wellington, 7 December 2017), pp 10-11, https://www.health.govt.nz/publications/briefing-to-the-incoming-minister-of-health-2017-the-new-zealand-health-and-disability-system-0
27. Health and Disability Review Transition Unit, Briefing to the incoming Minister of Health – Health and Disability System Review (17 December 2020), https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/briefing-incoming-minister-health-dec-2020
28. As documented by international bodies including: OECD, OECD Economic Surveys: New Zealand 2019, OECD Publishing (Paris, 2019), p 78, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/b0b94dbd-en; UNICEF Aotearoa, ‘New report card shows that New Zealand is failing its children’, media release, 3 September 2020, https://www.unicef.org.nz/media-releases/new-report-card-shows-that-new-zealand-is-failing-its-children; OECD, SF3.4: Family violence (31 January 2013), p 3, https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/SF3_4_Family_violence_Jan2013.pdf
29. New Zealand Productivity Commission, A fair chance for all: Breaking the cycle of persistent disadvantage (June 2023), p 15, https://www.treasury.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-05/pc-inq-fcfa-fair-chance-for-all-final-report-june-2023.pdf. The Productivity Commission defines persistent disadvantage as ‘disadvantage that is ongoing, whether for two or more years, over a life course, or intergenerationally’. It has three domains: being left out, doing without, and being income poor.
30. Megan Reid, ‘Disasters and Social Inequalities’, Sociology Compass 7, no. 11 (20 November 2013), 984-997, https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12080, https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/soc4.12080United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), ‘Poverty and inequality’, updated 18 April 2024, https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/risk-drivers/poverty-inequalityCERA (Canterbury Earthquakes Recovery Authority), Understanding Social Recovery (1 April 2016), https://quakestudies.canterbury.ac.nz/store/object/524767?search=understanding%2520social%2520recovery
31. Ministry of Social Development, Social Sector Commissioning 2022–2028 Action Plan (2022), p 4, https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/planning-strategy/social-sector-commissioning/
32. TNS Kantar, New Zealand Perceptions of International Education Infographic, Education New Zealand (December 2019), https://intellilab.enz.govt.nz/document/607-new-zealand-perceptions-of-international-education-infographic
33. Education New Zealand, ‘By the numbers – Enrolment data and Perceptions survey’, updated 12 December 2019, https://www.enz.govt.nz/news-and-research/ed-news/by-the-numbers-enrolment-data-and-perceptions-survey
34. National Emergency Management Agency, Briefing to the Incoming Minister for Emergency Management (2 November 2020), pp i, 7, https://www.beehive.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2020-12/Emergency%20Management.pdf
35. National Emergency Management Agency, Briefing to the Incoming Minister for Emergency Management (2 November 2020), p 12, https://www.beehive.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2020-12/Emergency%20Management.pdf
36. Maxwell Smith and Ross Upshur, ‘Pandemic Disease, Public Health, and Ethics’, in The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, ed. Anna C. Mastroianni, Jeffrey P. Kahn, and Nancy E. Kass (Oxford Handbooks, 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 8 Jan. 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190245191.013.69
37. National Ethics Advisory Committee, Getting Through Together: Ethical values for a pandemic, Ministry of Health (Wellington, 10 July 2007), https://neac.health.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/NEAC/publications/getting-through-together-jul07.pdf